تاريخ إباضية تمازغا

Al Fustat city. However، it is a very common Tamazight word which corresponds

to the meaning of "Kufa" in Arabic.

Some names were literally transliterated into Arabic، causing a total loss of landmarks and an impact on the understanding and interpretation of events. The battle of Akdiren (443 After Hijra) between the Bedouins of Bani Hilal and the state of Ziris in Kairouan، was reported by Arabs as "Ijdiren"، then transformed into "Haidaran" in written texts. Thus، the place of the battle totally disappeared and all the researchers failed to locate it. By referring to the commonly used Tamazight word 'ljdiren'، which means 'two stores/castles'، the place is clearly determined in total agreement with the descriptions provided by the historical texts. This would have been a great pleasure for the late Hassan Hosni Abdel Wahab who was in favour of the creation of a localised reading of the historical texts. He would have been very pleased to hear that the Phoenician princess 'Ilissa' is made up of a free morpheme 'ill'، meaning 'daughter of، and the final word 'illis' referring to 'his daughter'.

The location of 'Imsnan' was repeatedly evoked in Ibadi sources since the Fourth Century After Hijra. This name is still in use، but under a literal translation into Arabic known as 'Al Faresh'، a place near Tatawin. Through this finding، a series of other locations and their ruins mentioned in Ibadi books were discovered. The first Azzaba Sheikhs [Ibadi religious scholars] were very active in this area of research، in the light of which there should be not only a re-interpretation of their texts، but also a restoration of the whole Ibadi history of Tamazgha. These discoveries would have pleased the late Tadeusz Levitsky، who spent his life studying of the Ibadis of Tamazgha and pointed to a location that I discovered thanks to his orientation.

This piece of research in the limited space of the mountain of Dummur، which is a segment of the mountains of Tralus، led to surprising results which encouraged me to put it into its historical context in relation with to the overall history of Tamazgha; in terms of tribes، nations، events and facts covering the entire Afro- Asian and Afro-European region. However، the present book is only concerned with the Afro-Arab region in the first Hijri centuries.

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This book entitled: The History of Tamazgha Ibadis، an Introduction to the History of Ibadism in the Maghreb in the First Hijri Centuries is composed of five main parts and a large number of chapters which mainly deal with the relationship between the Amazigh in their homeland Tamazgha and the Arab Muslim invaders who came with a monotheist uniting religion and unravelling doctrines، which the Amazigh، like other peoples of the lands of Islam، embraced.

The first part of this book deals with the Amazigh in their homeland Tamazgha، with a well-defined field of research، which I set it to originate from a wider geographical area; the Ancient World، to move slowly towards the land of Tamazgha and the region of Trablus، then to Dumur Mountains; from the mountains Trablus to finally reach a very small area of Dumur; the Mountains Tamullist. This limited area is a small locality south of the town of Tatawin، where the brilliant Ibadi Azzaba system appeared during the fourth century After Hijra. This part of the book was arranged on an original Tamazight analogy based on the three As: Afkan، Awal and Akan: Human being/person/individual، Language and Land، respectively. This trilogy is exemplified by the Amazigh when they greet، in what resembles the scouts' salutation. This necessitated an introduction to the people، language and lands of the Amazigh before Islam.

The second part is concerned with the institution of the sacred Islamic wars from the days of the Prophet to the major conquests and the invasion of Ifriqya، then the construction of Kairouan and the control of Andalusia. This constituted the first meeting between the Amazigh and the Arab Muslim invaders. There was a bloodshed which lasted nearly a century before softening when the Amazigh princes took control of political and religious leaderships in their country. This led to the emergence of very powerful emirates and states which were highly influential in the Arab-Islamic civilization.

Part Three، entitled 'The Mohakkima in Tamazgha'، connects parts One and Two، where the core of the book، the History of Ibadi Tamazgha strats. A prominent Amazigh figure loved the verses of the Holy Quran and learned them by heart from the travellers of the thoroughfare in Sirte. Then، he carried them to the Nafusa Mountains. This led to the free spread of Islam among the Amazigh، but on the doctrine of the Mohakima who were against the rulers of the time. This part of the